The proper development and operation of the railway sector promotes accessibility and connectivity between different territorial areas, facilitating the movement of people and goods. Rail networks connect urban and rural centres, contributing to territorial cohesion and social inclusion. Moreover, this specific sector is an essential pillar of sustainable mobility, offering an environmentally more advantageous alternative to road transport and aviation. Thanks to its ability to transport large volumes of people and goods with lower greenhouse gas emissions and a lower environmental impact, rail transport contributes to the fight against climate change and the promotion of better air quality in urban areas.
The study aims to offer a historical analysis of public policies in the rail transport sector and their impact on civil society. Through an examination of political institutions over time, the dynamics between government, railway operators and citizens are explored. In particular, it examines investment, regulation and public service policies in the railway context and how these influence mobility, accessibility and social cohesion. It will highlight the role of political institutions in shaping railway networks, tariffs, safety standards and service quality, as well as in promoting technological innovation and adaptation to societal needs. Finally, future challenges and opportunities for political institutions in the rail transport sector will be reflected upon, with a focus on the integration of environmental, economic and social needs to ensure sustainable and inclusive mobility.